People constantly seek causal explanations for their observations. (Happy is one who could understand the causes of things.)Ĭausality plays a central role in the way people structure the world. My work on causality has been funded in part by the NSF, AFOSR, and ARO an NSF grant for work on Causal Databases was particularly helpful.įelix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. Of course, I am completely responsible for any errors that remain. I thank Sander Beckers for extended email discussions on causality, Robert Maxton for his careful proofreading, and Chris Hitchcock, David Lagnado, Jonathan Livengood, Robert Maxton, and Laurie Paul for their terrific comments on earlier drafts of the book. Our joint work features prominently in this book as well. I was fortunate to have other coauthors who helped me on my (still ongoing) journey to a deeper understanding of causality and related notions, particularly Hana Chockler, Chris Hitchcock, and Tobi Gerstenberg. We ended up writing a paper on actual causality that forms the basis of this book. I credit Judea with inspiring my interest in causality. I still recall that in roughly 1990, Judea Pearl told me (and anyone else who would listen!) that the future was in causality. In The Graduate, Benjamin Braddock (Dustin Hoffman) is told that the future can be summed up in one word: “Plastics”. I’m happy to share some blame with Mom for how you turned out.Ģ.2.1 A language for describing causalityĢ.2.2 The HP definition of actual causalityģ.4.5 Legal doctrines of intervening causesģ.5 An Alternative Approach to Incorporating NormalityĤ.1 Adding Variables to Structure a Causal ScenarioĤ.3 Using the Original HP Definition Instead of the Updated DefinitionĤ.7 Dealing With Normality and Typicalityĥ.1 Compact Representations of Structural Equationsĥ.2 Compact Representations of the Normality Orderingĥ.2.1 Algebraic plausibility measures: the big pictureĥ.3 The Complexity of Determining Causalityĥ.5.1 Algebraic plausibility measures: the detailsĥ.5.2 Proof of Theorems 5.3.1 (c) and 5.3.2 (b)ĥ.5.3 Proof of Theorems 5.4.1, 5.4.2, and 5.4.4ħ.2 Partial Explanations and Explanatory Powerħ.3 The General Definition of Explanation You’re all causes of my happiness (and have, at various times, been causes of other states of mind). The theory of causality presented here allows there to be more than one cause, and for blame to be shared. It’s hard to believe that you’re all old enough now to read and understand what I write (although I’m not sure you will want to!). H325 2016 - DDC 122dc23 LC record available at įor David, Sara, and Daniel (yet again). Halpern.ĭescription: Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press, - Includes bibliographical references and index. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Printed and bound in the United States of America. This book was set in L AT EX by Joseph Y. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2016 Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyĪll rights reserved. New York: Viking, Print.The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2012 "Dolphins." The Financial Brand: Marketing Insights for Banks & Credit Unions. "Established « JazzRoc versus “Chemtrails”." JazzRoc versus “Chemtrails”. Now it seems you afflict others where did you find this power.”Ĩ Citations: Zupan, Pete. My babies always shriveled in her hands.”ħ CRUCIBLE EXAMPLE Act Three: Pages 224 and 225 Danforth: I begged you, Thomas, did I not? I begged him not to call Osburn because I feared her. “I knew it! Goody Osburn were midwife to me three times. Non-Sequitur: A statement containingĥ POPULAR CULTURE: This is an example of non-sequitur because the dolphin has nothing to do with the American Bank.Ħ CRUCIBLE EXAMPLE Act One: : Mrs. 1 Post Hoc/Faulty Causality/ Non-Sequiturģ DEFINITIONS: Faulty Causality: bad relationship of cause and effect.Ĥ Continued.
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